SAXE and her team sold out the solution until 2013. SAXE is pregnant. She thinks, “There is no way to miss the chance to scan this baby’s brain.”
Her son was born in September of that year. His first FMRI scan took place a month later. “I spent a lot of maternity vacation inside the MRI machine, and I tried to keep the baby calm and happily by repeatedly singing the wheel of the bus, and they used a custom -based early child -sized head coil designed to lower the risk of hearing damage and improve the signal -to -noise ratio.
The first scan to actually work in January 2014, when SAXE’s son was four months. The team captured activities in the visual cortex while watching a short film clip. Next year they scaned eight babies more successfully between four and six months, and three of them were children of laboratory members. Participants’ parents or other laboratory members are placed in a scanner while scanning every time to see if infants are awake. In 2017 Reported Infant visual cortex consists of almost the same way as adults and contains areas that respond to faces and scenes.
no way
At the same time, I rounded it, but before SAXE’s data was posted, Turk-Browne and Cameron EllisAt that time, his graduate student started his awake infant FMRI program. Instead of collecting data on a single experiment at once, I decided to design and switch various tasks according to the most attractive discovery of infants. Ellis, a psychological assistant at Stanford, said, “Instead of putting all our eggs into a basket, let’s ask multiple baskets and various questions and pursue them more sequentially, and they chose four baskets: statistical learning, attention, visual processing and infant memory loss.
This approach says “very bright and good idea.” “Adults, you can do boring things.” Unlike the baby. The task has raised the probability of collecting data that the team can use for at least one experiment.
Customizing each imaging session to individual infants is Turk-Brown and his team. Participant’s parents have joined Turk-Browne in the scanner room, but they are not in the scanner itself, but their children tell you when they need to relax, snack or diaper change. Infants can also bring their favorite stuffed animals or blankets to the scanner. Turk-Browne said, “In this scan, I probably gave birth to 100 babies in this scan. During a scan in January, he sang and played a glimpse and calmed down the tricky participants between the runs and spit out the nipples to spit out the two parts as a scanner.
Turk-Browne said, “It’s a terrible science because I can’t repeat any way in any way. I don’t think two scanes are the same. This is generally the opposite of what I want. I want a protocol that follows a letter for everyone.” You can adapt and work with each child and family. “
And it works: Turk-Browne’s group collects an average of one available experiments per imaging session Free printing transmission. Ellis said that not all scanes generate data, but they know that this research program will be fruitless. Ellis said he collects the average of one available experiments per scanning session in his laboratory at Stanford University.
“There are many stories about how impossible it is, and we show that it is not completely impossible.” Tristan YatesPost -doctoral research scientist Nim TottenhamLaboratory of Columbia University and all graduate students of Turk-Browne ‘S Lab.
no way
FTER TURK-Browne and Ellis (in general, the hippocampus showed signs of activity from three months and began to wonder if other assumptions in the brain area were true.
one Calculation model The hippocampus suggests that it contains a separate path for episode memory and statistical learning. The learning path is mature earlier than the memories of non -human primates in 2013. paper I showed it. This staggering development can explain why the baby is a good statistical learner, but Turk-Brown says that it does not form memories that can be accessed by adults. But without nerve evidence, it was impossible to find out exactly what part of the infant memory process failed. Encoding, storage, search, or other things.
So Yates and Turk-Browne designed the FMRI experiment to fill this gap. They presented a series of images for two seconds at the top of the moving hallucinogenic pattern to attract infants’ attention, and then showed an old and new image together and tracked what the infant saw the most. Infant predicted that he would spend more time if he remembered the image.
During memory encoding, infant sent a stronger signal in the hippocampus and saw an image recognized later than later forgotten. Infants with the greatest preference for familiar images showed the biggest difference in signal. science paper. This difference is more prominent in infants between 12 and 24 months than infants between 4 and 9 months.
“The hippocampus seems to be able to encode new individual memories,” Yates said. This idea is associated with the discovery of rodents: a neuron stimulus with tags while the mouse encodes memory in infancy Re -activate as an adult. In other words, the memory is there. It is usually not accessible.
In his ongoing projects, Turk-Browns explores how the complexity of expression in the hippocampus changes in the development process, and how the search timing and method of autobiographic memory encoded during infancy breaks down. “You can’t get a level of segmentation of ‘what is the nerve expression of experience?’ He says with other ways of infants.
And Ellis, who is using this technique to study attention and language, is ready to deal with other big questions, such as a kind of jersey fruit at the same time.
SAXE analyzed the data of the project on the language side of infants and the processing of infants outside the memory area. Rhodri CusackTrinity College Dublin, professor of cognitive neuroscience, said last year that he had a 134 -month -old scan to study the development of visual systems last year.
“The young investigator of the first generation” Vlad EisenbergTemple University’s psychological and neuroscience assistant assistant professors mentioned not only to himself but also to Ellis and Yates. Yates created the TODDLER-Scanning program in Tottenham’s laboratory, and this laboratory has previously imaged only children and plans to study the relationship between caregivers and cognition. When Ayzenberg opened the laboratory at the end of this year, he plans to study how to contribute to cognitive abilities at another point of development to use the FMRI of the awake infant.
Ten years ago, it would have been too dangerous for a junior professor to perform a awake FMRI project, Ayzenberg says. “Now, I think there’s enough evidence that this is effective. And enough people have successfully doing it, and I don’t feel that it is crazy.” He is possible, but he says, “It will still be difficult.”
